English (Philippines)

Palavras-chave

Philippine Higher Education
Management by Prerogative
Shared Governance
Maladministration

Como Citar

Aquino, R. (2025). English (Philippines). Revista De Direito E Análise Da Corrupção, 7, e92. https://doi.org/10.37497/CorruptionReview.7.2025.92

Resumo

Purpose: To show the present situation of the Higher Educational system in the Philippines and identify the present realities and patterns of practices and it’s supporting factors.

 Originality/Value: This is a revisit of the sad state of the Higher Educational system in the Philippines and its continuing failure in terms of quality and competitiveness.

Methods: This is a descriptive, phenomenological, and explanatory method of the present situation of Philippine Higher Education. It is also a qualitative assessment of its existing policies and standards, and practices implemented.

Results: The Dominance of the private sector weakens the policing power of the state in reforming higher education.

Conclusion: Shared governance, autonomy, management by prerogative, and presumed regularity were used as a legal cover to support bad policies and decisions sustaining corruption and questionable practices in higher education for personal benefits.

https://doi.org/10.37497/CorruptionReview.7.2025.92

Referências

Abarca, Charie. (2025). New SHS Program not enough for students to be college-ready- DepEd.

Accessed from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2059398/new-shs-curriculum-not-enough-for-students-to-be-college-ready-deped?

Abatayo, Marilou M., Arabejo, Claire, and Kunwar, Sundar S. (2016). Vertical Alignment of

Faculty of Science and Mathematics. Accessed on September 3, 2021, from https://www.nmsc.edu.ph/ojs/index.php/jherd/article/download/46/23/

Abun, Damianus, Magallanes, Theogenia, Foronda, Sylvia Lalaine, and Encarnacion Mary Joy. (2020) Students’ Attitude toward Corruption and their Behavioral Intention to Corrupt or not to Corrupt in the Future: The Philippines’ Context. 2020, pp.77-98. hal-02512045. Accessed on August 28, 2021, from https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02512045

Abun, Damianus, Menor, Russel I., Catabagan, Nimfa C., Magallanes, Theogenia, and Ranay, Frelyn B. (2021). Organizational Climate and Work Engagement of Employees of Divine Word Colleges in Ilocos Region, Philippines. Accessed on August 31, 2021, from Available online at www.ssbfnet.com Journal homepage: https://www.ssbfnet.com/ojs/index.php/ijrbs

Abun, Damianus, Ranay, Frelyn B., Magallanes, Theogenia, Encarnacion, Mary Joy, and Alkalde, Francisco (2020). Employee Treatment and Work Engagement: The Philippines Context. Accessed from https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02994669/document on August 31, 2021

Albert, Jose Ramon G. (2013). Is Education in Sync with Labor? Retrieved from www.nscb.gov.ph.

Allison, Christine (2020). Teaching Practices and Quality in Graduate Education in the

Philippines. Accessed on September 1, 2021 from https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/216175

Amigo, El. (2024). CHED Chief faces another complaint before the Ombudsman over alleged

mismanagement of scholarships. Accessed from https://thepost.net.ph/news/nation/ched-chief-faces-another-complaint-before-ombudsman-over-alleged-mismanagement-of-scholarships/#google_vignetteJune 17, 2025

Angelo, Francis Allan. L. (2024). Skills Mismatch Hampers Philippine Economic Growth.

Accessed from https://www.pids.gov.ph/details/news/in-the-news/skills-mismatch-hampers-philippine-economic-growth-experts-say

Aquino, Fr. Ranhilio C. (2022). Revamp higher education now! Accessed from

https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/06/01/opinion/columns/revamp-higher-education-now/1845756

Aquino, Raul A. (2021). The Impact of Corruption on Filipino Youth from Academia and Police

Background and Anti-Corruption Methods, 2021, European Union Digital Library

Aquino, Raul A. (2021). Philippine Youth's Perceptions, Knowledge, and Comprehension of

Corruption in the Country, 2021 European Union Digital Library

Aquino, Raul A. (2021). Philippine Youth from the Academic and Police Sectors' Views,

Knowledge and Understanding of Philippine Corruption, 2021 European Union Digital

Library

Aquino, Raul A. (2021). Philippine Youth from Academia and Police Sector Views on the State

of Corruption in the Philippines, 2021 European Union Digital Library

Asian Development Bank. (2012). Administration and Governance on Higher Education in Asia

Patterns and Implications. Accessed from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29956/administration-governance-higher-education.pdf

Barao, Jielynne. (2025). What is Shared Governance in Higher Education? Accessed from

https://www.azeusconvene.com/articles/what-is-shared-governance-in-higher-education

Barrett, Liz-David. (2024). State Capture: How democracy can be systematically corrupted.

Accessed from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20419058241238187 on June 8, 2025.

Bush, Sasha Breger. (2024). The politics of shared governance and the higher education crisis.

Accessed from https://thehill.com/opinion/education/4590837-the-politics-of-shared-governance-and-the-higher-education-crisis/

Bustos-Orosa, M.A. and Symaco, L.P. (2024), "Higher Education in the Philippines: Issues and Challenges", Pe Symaco, L. (Ed.) Higher Education in Southeast Asia (International Perspectives on Education and Society, Vol. 49), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-367920240000049007

Cabahug, M., & Ferrater-Gimena, J. A. (2018). Contextualizing Human Resource Management

Practices: The Philippine Experience for an HEI. JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research, 31(1), 111-138. https://doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v31i1.567

Cabello, Cyril, Bonotan, Amelia B., and Logaos, Jisa. (2022). Part-Time Instructors in Higher

Educational Institutions: The Less, The Limited, The Leftovers, and The Survivors. Accessed from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361531276_Part-Time_Instructors_in_the_Higher_Education_Institutions_The_Less_The_Limited_The_Left-over_and_The_Survivors on June 6, 2025

Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (2018). CA affirms Ombudsman order on Bulacan school execs'

dismissal. Accessed from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1030346

Cebu Daily News. (2011). UP Cebu dean, 2 allies ordered dismissed. Accessed from

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/52397/up-cebu-dean-2-allies-ordered-dismissed

Shore, Cris (2018). How Corrupt Are Universities? Audit Culture, Fraud Prevention, and the Big

Four Accountancy Firms. Accessed from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/695833. June 19, 2025

Ching, Gregory S. (2012). Higher Education Accreditation in the Philippines. International

Research Studies and Management Volume 2 Number 1. Retrieved from ile:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/162-551-1-PB%20(4).pdf August 9, 2014 (gregory_ching@yahoo.com)

Ching, Jorge. (2011). Tertiary Education in the Philippines. Accessed on August 30, 2021, from

https://opinion.inquirer.net/11189/tertiary-education-challenges

Claudio, E.G. (2023). Addressing the barriers and difficulties in achieving educational institutions

Accreditation. Accessed from https://www.ijhcum.net/article_706370_3196fbd05354940eab0c5375f3f5df58.pdf

Cocal, Christopher, Cocal, Evangeline, & Celino, Brandy. (2017). Factors Limiting Research

Productivity of Faculty Members of a State University. Accessed from https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/APJARSS-2017-1-07.pdf

Collado, Zaldy. (2020). Teaching in a Highly Political Academic Environment: Narratives from a

Local University in the Philippines. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348833347_Teaching_in_a_Highly_Political_Academic_Environment_Narratives_from_a_Local_University_in_the_Philippines on August 25, 2023

Conchada, Mitzie Irene P. and Tiongco, Marites M. (2015). A Review of the Accreditation System

For Philippine Higher Education Institutions. Accessed from https://www.pids.gov.ph/publication/discussion-papers/a-review-of-the-accreditation-system-for-philippine-higher-education-institutions

Contreras, Antonio, (2013). Everyday University Politics in the Philippines: A Tale of Two

Universities. Accessed from https://www.academia.edu/49082332/Everyday_university_politics_in_the_Philippines_a_tale_of_two_universities?email_work_card=view-paper

Cornelio, Jayeel (2022). In defense of ‘good’ researchhttps://www.rappler.com/voices/thought

leaders/opinion-in-defense-of-good research/?fbclid=IwAR2khYlQAnULQ89nqDrPdvzJLxRxz2K54arwAkjStMSpQQOlLGJTRhBYI

Cornelio, Jayeel (2023). The State of Research in the Philippines. Accessed from

https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/opinion-state-of-research-philippines/

Country Report: The Republic of the Philippines Accessed from

https://www.qaa.ac.uk/docs/qaa/international/country-report-the-republic-of-the-philippines.pdf?sfvrsn=d7b5fe81_2

Cruz, Isagani (2007). Corrupt Teachers. Mini-critique Opinion. Accessed on September 2, 2021

from https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2008/04/17/56610/corrupt-teachers

CSC affirms 2019 decision: Libre guilty of malpractice: accessed from

https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/csc-affirms-2019-decision-libre-guilty-of-malpractice

Danday, Alma Sonia Q. Sanchez. (2022). Redressing Teacher Grievances in Higher Education

Institutions: The Case of Teacher Complainants. Accessed from

https://www.ijmsssr.org/paper/IJMSSSR00629.pdf on October 21, 2023

De Jesus, Edilberto C. (2024). The Failed System of Philippine Education. Accessed from

Inquirer dot net Philippine Daily Inquirer / 05:02 AM February 01, 2024

De Vera, Prospero J. (2023). CHED issues show cause order vs the Philippine Christian University

Accessed from 21 August 2023 https://ched.gov.ph/ched-issues-show-cause-order-vs-philippinechristian-university

De Vera, Prospero J. (2024). Ombudsman orders dismissal of CHED Commissioner Jo Mark.

Libre. Accessed from www.ched.gov.ph.

Divina Law (2025). Academic freedom’s metes, bounds (2). Accessed from

https://www.divinalaw.com/dose-of-law/academic-freedoms-metes-bounds-2/#:~:text=L%2D69198%2C%2017%20April%201985,standard%20should%20be%20followed%20meticulously on June 7, 2025.

EDCOM 2 Report to the Philippine Congress 2024 Accessed from

https://edcom2.gov.ph/media/2024/02/EDCOM-II-Year-One-Report-PDF-022924.pdf

Edwards, Tobias, Giannelis, Alexandros, Willoughby, Emily A., and Lee, James J. (2024).

Predicting political beliefs with polygenic scores for cognitive performance and educational attainment. Accessed from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289624000254

Eisold, Kenneth (2009). The School as an Organization. Accessed from

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/597663

Elbo, Rey (2020). Management prerogative’ is a lazy excuse. Accessed from

https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2020/10/30/325850/management-prerogative-is-a-lazy-excuse/June 17, 2025

Etcuban, Jonathan et al. (2016). Research Productivity among Faculty Members of the University

Of Cebu. Accessed from https://philair.ph/index.php/irj/article/view/422 on June 5, 2025

Gaac, Elvin F. (2014). Assessment of the Human Resource Management Practices among SUCs

In MIMAROPA. Accessed from https://ojs.rsu.edu.ph/index.php/rsurj/article/download/11/9

Gaikwad, Prema. (2021). Balancing Research Productivity and Teaching by Faculty in Higher

Education: A Case Study in the Philippines. Accessed from https://articlegateway.com/index.php/JHETP/article/view/4495

Garrido, Marco (2025). A Thousand Years of Corruption: A History of Corruption and Anti--

Corruption in the Philippines since 1946. Accessed from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/thousand-years-of-corruption-a-history-of-corruption-and-anticorruption-in-the-philippines-since-1946/5E274A10F98B59044E344BE9B66ACAA9on June 12, 2025

Guiam, Rufa Cagoco (2019). Greed in the academe. Accessed from

https://opinion.inquirer.net/119470/greed-in-the-academe

Hutchcroft, Paul D. (1998). Booty Capitalism. The Politics of Banking in the Philippines, accessed on August 29, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctvr7f997.

Jimenez, Atty. Josephus B. (2021). The top 10 reasons why employees resign. What matters most? The freeman. Accessed on September 2, 2021, at https://www.philstar.com/the- freeman/opinion/

Jimenez, Josephus (2018). Two Catholic schools were declared guilty of illegal dismissal.

Accessed on August 30, 2021, from https://www.philstar.com/the- freeman/opinion

Jimenez, Josephus (2014) http://www.philstar.com/freeman-opinion/2014/08/08/1355217/labor

problems-involving-universities-and-colleges. August 9, 2014

Jimenez, Josephus (2014). The Rising Cost of Quality Education. Accessed from

http://www.philstar.com/freeman-opinion

Jonson, Franz Martin N. (2017). "Workplace Bullying among Faculty Members in the University

of Eastern Philippines System: Basis for an Intervention Program" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-2, February 2017, pp.52-63, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd143.pdf

Katzman, John S. (2014). The Underachieving Education Business. Opinion Page. Business World

Page 6. Accessed from https://www.bworldonline.com/tag/opinion/

Liquido, Maria Gloria E. (2018). The accreditation of state universities and colleges in the

Philippines: Governance, hegemony relationship, and dichotomy of ownership. Accessed from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349009560_The_accreditation_of_state universities_and_colleges_in_the_Philippines_Governance_hegemony_relationship_and_dichotomy_of_ownership

Lo, William Yat Wai. (2024). Trust and tension: shared governance in higher education amid

student activism. Access from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03075079.2024.2449243?af=R#abstract

Lopez, Bernie V. (2024). Opinion: Education as a tool of oppression. Accessed from

https://tribune.net.ph/2024/09/16/education-as-an-oppression-tool

Loquias, Monet M. and Sana, Erlyn A. (2012). Factors Associated with Intentions to Leave or Stay

Among Faculty Members in the Colleges of Pharmacy in Metro Manila. https://www.iomcworld.org/articles/factors-associated-with-intentions-to-leave-or-stay-among-faculty-members-in-the-colleges-of-pharmacy-in-metro-manila.pdf

Mabunga, Ronald Allan S. and Mabunga, Maria Eljie M. (2019). Conflict Management among

Selected Officials of State Universities and Colleges in the Philippineshttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/343499462_Conflict_Management_among_Selected_Officials_of_State_Universities_and_Colleges_in_the_Philippines

Malipot, Merlina H. (2025). 6 Philippine universities secure spots in 2026 QS World Rankings,

two make historic debuts. Accessed from https://mb.com.ph/2025/06/19/6-philippine-universities-secure-spots-in-2026-qs-world-rankings-two-make-historic-debuts

Malipot, Merlina Hernando (2024). Transparency and accountability: CHED earns second

unqualified opinion from COA. Accessed from https://mb.com.ph/2024/7/9/transparency-and-accountability-ched-earns-second-unqualified-opinion-from-coa

Manalo, Jorel A., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Guevarra, Jonathan P., Cochon, Kim L., Javier, Richard S., Samaniego, Arlene A., Cengca, Ma. Rhenea Anne M., and Ortega, Dorothy Jean N. (2022). Workplace Bullying among Employees of a Public Higher Educational Institution. Accessed from https://pjhrd.upm.edu.ph/index.php/main/login?source=%2Findex.php%2Fmain%2Farticle%2Fview%2F507%2F250 on October 21, 2023

Marklein, Mary Beth (2019). Accreditors could be doing much more to fight corruption. Accessed

from https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20190206105718709

Mateo, Janvic. (2022). CHED Commissioner, 3 Others Ordered Dismissed. June 25, 2022.

Accessed from https://www.onenews.ph/articles/ched-commissioner-3-others-ordered-dismissed.

Mendoza, Ronal U. Jurel K. Yap, Gabrielle Ann S. Mendoza, Erica Celine Yu, and Jamino, Leonardo III. (2022). Political dynasties, business, and poverty in the Philippines. Access

from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667319322000222

Monica, Kirya (2019). Corruption in universities: paths to integrity in higher education.

Accessed from https://etico.iiep.unesco.org/en/corruption-universities-paths-integrity-higher-education-subsector. June 19, 2025

Nonato, Vincent F. (2018). Ombudsman axes PNU execs over ad spending. Accessed from

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/962694/ombudsman-axes-pnu-execs-over-ad-

Ordonez, Victor, and Gina (2010). Accreditation in the Philippines. A Case Study. Accessed on August 30, 2021, from

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230100466_14

Palmiano, D. A. (2024). Research productivity and engagement of faculty. International Journal

of Research Studies in Education, 13(8), 123-133. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2024.24084

Pernia, Ronald A. (2017). The venture into higher education: exploring politics of education in A

Philippine Local Government College. Accessed from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01154451.2017.1385216

Philippine Daily Inquirer (2024). Low compensation among teachers is a continuing injustice in

the Philippines. Accessed from www.inquirer.com

Pulta, Benjamin (2021). CA upholds dismissal of dishonest Ifugao professor. Accessed from

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1133426

Reyes, Josephine D. (2017). The Faculty Turnover of Private Higher Education Institutions

(PHEIs) In the Cities of Pangasinan. Accessed from http://icmsit.ssru.ac.th/icmsit/fmsicmsit/images/

The-Faculty-Turnover-of-Private-Higher-Education-Institutions-PHEIs-in-the-Cities-of-Pangasinan.pdf

Robles, Allan C. (2012). Top-tier schools and diploma mills. Accessed from

https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/expensive-not-always-worth-much-higher-education-Philippines

Santiago (2018). Corruption Prevention in State Colleges and Universities. Accessed from

https://knepublishing.com/index.php/Kne-Social/article/download/2398/5273

Santos, Johnson Jr. (2023). Corruption, Crisis Surface in Education Sector Under Marcos’s First

100 Days accessed from frohttps://phkule.org/article/633/corruption-crises-surface-in-education-sector-under-marcoss-first-100-days/

Santos, Mari-An C. (2023). Better pay, benefits lure Filipino teachers to schools in Japan.

Accessed from https://www.pids.gov.ph/details/news/in-the-news/better-pay-benefits-lure-filipino-teachers-to-schools-in-japan

Sayao, Lemuel M., Aves, Bernadette Jeana Marie B., Cerbo, Analiza C., Morales, Maria Elena,

C., Navares, Jingle S., and Villasor, Harry Dave B. (2023). Barriers to Faculty on Research Productivity. Accessed from https://scimatic.org/storage/journals/11/pdfs/2257.pdf

Sedillo, Francisco Jr. J. (2021). Leadership Behavior and Job Satisfaction as Predictors of Turnover

Intentions of Radiologic Technologies Working Students in Region XI, Philippines. Accessed from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351880255 on September 21, 2024

Sevillano, Stephanie (2025). CHED orders the school’s select programs for non-

compliance. Accessed from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1243445

Tan, Editha. (2017). Quality, inequality, and recent education reform. Accessed from

https://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/viewFile/958/847 on June 5, 2025

Tan, Michael (2015). Good Textbook. Accessed from https://opinion.inquirer.net/85656/good-Textbooks.

Creative Commons License
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2025 Raul Aquino

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.